1. Magnesium Bisglycinate (Albion™ TRAACS®) — 200 mg elemental magnesium per serving

What it is: A chelated form of magnesium where a single magnesium ion is covalently bound to two glycine amino acid molecules. Molecular formula: C₄H₈MgN₂O₄, molecular weight ~172–212 g/mol. Elemental magnesium accounts for ~14% of the chelate's total weight; glycine makes up the remaining ~86%. Produced using Albion®'s patented TRAACS® technology (The Real Amino Acid Chelate System) — clinically validated for true chelation.

Absorption mechanism:

• The chelate complex is absorbed via intestinal peptide transporters (PepT1) rather than standard mineral ion channels — resulting in superior bioavailability versus magnesium oxide, sulfate or citrate.
• The Mg–glycine bond remains stable in the stomach's acidic environment: magnesium does not react with phytates or other antinutrients and is therefore not blocked by food.
• Glycine as a free amino acid additionally supports collagen synthesis, neurotransmitter function and sleep quality.

Key physiological roles of magnesium:

• Required cofactor for over 300 enzymatic reactions: ATP synthesis, DNA replication, RNA transcription.
• Regulation of muscle contraction and relaxation (calcium antagonist).
• Nerve impulse conduction and neuromuscular function.
• Bone mineralisation — integral to hydroxyapatite crystal structure.
• Calcium balance regulation via the parathyroid gland.
• Involvement in glucose metabolism, fatty acid and protein synthesis.

Daily Value (DV): 200 mg = 48% of the daily reference intake for adults (420 mg for men / 320 mg for women per USDA guidelines).

2. BioPerine® — Black Pepper Fruit Extract (Piper nigrum) — 2.5 mg per serving

What it is: A patented, standardised extract of dried Piper nigrum fruits from Sabinsa Corporation (USA), concentrated to a minimum of 95–96% piperine — the alkaloid responsible for black pepper's pungency. Ordinary ground black pepper contains only 3–9% piperine; BioPerine® is the only black pepper extract to have undergone clinical studies in the United States confirming its safety and efficacy as a nutraceutical bioavailability enhancer.

Bioavailability enhancement mechanisms:

• Inhibition of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein — suppresses first-pass hepatic metabolism enzymes, slowing the breakdown of nutrients before they enter systemic circulation.
• Stimulation of intestinal amino acid transporters — accelerates active uptake of chelated minerals through the intestinal wall.
• Reduction of intestinal glucuronidation — decreases inactivation of nutrients in the intestinal mucosa.
• Thermogenic effect — enhances gut motility and local blood flow in the GI tract, improving nutrient-mucosa contact time.

Clinically demonstrated efficacy: BioPerine® increases nutrient absorption by an average of 30% or more. Clinically verified for enhanced bioavailability of magnesium, curcumin, CoQ10, beta-carotene and vitamin B6.

3. Other (inactive / excipient) ingredients

• Hypromellose (HPMC) — capsule shell: plant-derived cellulose shell replacing gelatin; suitable for vegetarians and vegans. Chemically inert — does not affect absorption of the active ingredients.
• Citric Acid: acidity regulator and natural preservative. Enhances stability of the magnesium salt inside the capsule.
• Ascorbyl Palmitate: fat-soluble form of vitamin C. Acts as an antioxidant protecting lipid components from oxidation during storage.
• Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC): plant-derived filler that provides powder flowability for consistent capsule filling. Not digested by the body; functions as natural dietary fibre.
• Silicon Dioxide (SiO₂): anti-caking agent; prevents powder clumping and moisture absorption inside the capsule. Used in minimal processing quantities.